A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is an electronic circuit board that is used as the foundation for electronic components to be connected and communicate with each other. PCBs are crucial components in a variety of electronic devices, including computers, mobile phones, televisions, and many others.
In Malaysia, the use of PCBs has grown significantly in recent years due to the country’s development as a major hub for electronics manufacturing. The benefits of using PCBs are numerous and include:
Increased Reliability: PCBs are designed to be reliable and long-lasting, making them ideal for use in electronic devices. They can withstand harsh conditions and ensure that the electronic components remain in good working order even after prolonged use.
Improved Performance: PCBs are designed to minimize interference and noise, which can cause electronic devices to malfunction. They are also optimized for speed and efficiency, which can improve the performance of electronic devices.
Cost Savings: The use of PCBs can help to reduce the cost of electronic devices by streamlining the reflow solder process, reducing the need for manual assembly and minimizing the number of components required to produce a device.
Improved Design: PCBs offer a great deal of design flexibility, allowing engineers to create complex circuits with a variety of components. They can also be used to create smaller and more compact devices, which can reduce the overall cost and size of electronic devices of different brands.
Increased Safety: PCBs are designed to meet strict safety standards, which helps to ensure that electronic devices are safe for use. They are also designed to be resistant to heat and electricity, which reduces the risk of fire and other safety hazards.
conclusion
the use of PCBs in Malaysia has brought a multitude of benefits to the electronics industry. With its advanced technology, high reliability, and cost-
With the Advent of 5G era, Teflon PTFE Market Will Re-enter the Growth Period
As the fifth-generation mobile communication technology, 5G has better performance than 4G and has the advantages of high speed, high stability, low latency, high spectrum utilization, and excellent scalability. High-frequency transmission technology is one of the critical technologies of 5G wireless communication. High-frequency transmission technology can effectively increase the availability of frequency band resources and enhance the technical requirements of 5G wireless communication technology for network development. To achieve high-frequency transmission, materials with low dielectric constant and low dielectric loss must be used.
5G requires low dielectric materials with a dielectric constant between 2.8 and 3.2. Low dielectric constant materials are mainly used for antenna materials, circuit board materials, cover plate materials, and housing materials of 5G mobile phones. Currently, the primary low dielectric constant materials are PTFE, PPO, LCP, and PI (or MPI). Among them, PTFE, as one of the elements with the lowest dielectric constant among organic materials, will be widely used in the field of 5G communication, such as base station filters, high-frequency, high-speed PCB / FPC, 5G chip manufacturing process, and high-frequency connectors, cables and other areas.
The application of PTFE in high-frequency PCB in 5G field
In mobile communication base stations, the printed circuit board (PCB) copper-clad laminate is the core substrate of the printed circuit board. The copper-clad laminate (CCL) is made of petroleum wood pulp paper or glass fiber cloth as a reinforcement material, impregnated with resin, single-sided, or A plate-like material covered with copper foil on both sides and hot pressed. CCL material is the primary material for printed circuit board (PCB) production. It is mainly used to make PCBs, which play the role of interconnection, insulation, and support for PCBs. PCBs processed from high-frequency copper-clad substrates are widely used as the most fundamental connection devices in the 5G field. At present, epoxy resin glass cloth-based copper clad laminates are commonly used in PCBs in the 4G communication field, with Df values above 0.01, while the 5G field is mainly in the micrometer and millimeter-wave applications. For the dielectric constant and dielectric loss under high-frequency and high-speed conditions There are higher requirements, usually requiring low dielectric steady resin Df less than 0.005, and PTFE as the most inferior dielectric constant polymer material found so far, Df value is below 0.002, showing excellent dielectric in copper-clad laminate performance.
The application of PTFE in radio frequency transmission in the field of 5G
The coaxial cable in the communication field refers to a cable with two concentric conductors, and the conductor and the shield layer share the same axis. The most common coaxial cable consists of copper conductors separated by insulating material. On the outside of the inner layer of insulating material are another layer of the ring conductor and its insulator. Then the entire cable is covered by a sheath of PVC or PTFE material. PTFE has outstanding electrical insulation. It has a low dielectric constant and small loss factor in a wide range of operating temperature and frequency. Besides, expanded PTFE material (e-PTFE) can be produced by unidirectional stretching and bidirectional stretching. The dielectric constant can be further reduced; the volume resistivity and surface resistivity remain competent, in addition, the glass transition temperature is not affected by the external temperature. PTFE’s excellent properties of low moisture absorption, electrical performance stability, and chemical inertness are very suitable for data transmission cables that require low attenuation.
Application of PTFE in 5G base station antenna filter
The development of 5G communication will also bring about a continuous increase in the demand for filters. At present, the 5G filters used by significant communication equipment vendors are still mainly based on metal cavity filters. Many PTFE components are used in metal cavity filters to support The effect of insulation and heat insulation is generally processed by PTFE rod or directly molded. The metal cavity filter of 5G communication is more compact, the internal structure will be more, and the amount of PTEF is also higher than that of 4G.
OPTIMIZATION OF POLYMERIC STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS (PCB)
POLYMERIC STRUCTURE OF MULTILAYER FLEXIBLE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS – ”Sulaiman Khalifeh, in Polymers in Organic Electronics, 2020“
The polymeric printed circuit boards (also called “organic printed circuit boards”) PCB are the simplest self-assembled structures of interconnected microelectronic/Nano-electronic components on a thin film substrate formed from polymer-based composites such as epoxy. As illustrated in Figure 5.1, such structure has several advantages, including very low cost, good electromechanical properties, easy to manufacture in any shape, and applicable for multilayer configurations. These printed circuit boards can be electrically connected to organic/polymeric circuits by either “through-hole technology” THT (older process) or “surface mount technology” SMT (newer process). A more recent solution includes “integrated circuits” IC (also called “microchip”) by which the polymeric printed circuit boards can be built with more circuits and components that are electro-chemically grown in place on the surface of a very small chip. The other method is called a “hybrid circuit” that contains some components, which can be grown onto the surface of the substrate without the need to be mounted on the surface and soldered.
Figure 5.1 Structure of organic/polymeric printed circuit boards.
Three-dimensional polymeric printed circuit boards 3D-PCPs are the most developed solutions, where both single-sided or multilayered polymeric printed circuit boards can be fabricated in the form of 3D-prototypes depending on the “miniature technologies” such as “molded interconnect device” MID. With molded interconnect device technology, the copper traces act as an electrical circuit on the polymeric substrate that can be fabricated by “two-component injection molding,” “hot stamping, photolithography,” “in-mold circuit film,” or “laser direct structuring” LDS which can be considered as the most flexible technology. Such a process can be called “three-dimensional molding of interconnected devices” 3D-MID, while the resultant product can be called “three-dimensional printed circuit board” 3D-PCB as illustrated in Figure 5.2. The direct laser structuring can be achieved immediately after applying single-component injection molding of the carrier. Examples of polymers used for fabricating the polymeric substrates by injection molding process include: liquid crystal polymers LCP, poly(butylene terephthalate) PBT, Trogamid® (amorphous polyamide) (known as: PA 6-3-T), and poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) blend PET/PBT.
The concept of “optoelectronic printed circuit boards” has been developed to satisfy the increasing demand for high data rates along with progressive miniaturization of devices and components. Optoelectronic printed circuit board represents the integration of optics in a polymeric printed circuit board that is the need to utilize optical fibers, the generation of waveguides by UV lithography, embossing, or direct laser writing. An example of commercial polymers used for structuring optoelectronic printed circuit boards is Ormocer®, which is a type of inorganic/organic hybrid polymer.
POLYMERS FOR CONVENTIONAL PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS
The main function of printed wiring is to support circuit components and interconnect these components electrically. Several types of flexible and rigid printed wiring have been used, including traditionally printed circuit boards (single-sided, double-sided, and multilayered), ultra-multilayered printed circuit boards, and three-dimensional printed circuit boards. These types are based on variable dielectric materials (polymers and composites, conductors types, number of conductor planes, rigidity, flexibility, etc.) Rigid printed circuit boards of substrates formed from thermosetting polymers, such as epoxy composites, and flexible printed circuit boards of substrates formed from thermoplastic polymers (such as polyethylene terephthalate PET) are the main two types. Thermosetting composites can be used in the form of filled or glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin EP-GFR, while paper reinforced phenolic (phenol-formaldehyde PF) resin with a bonded copper foil or silicone Q substrates is used for fabricating very small chips (microchips) and stretchable circuits.
The first optimized type of glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin used for structuring conventional printed circuit boards is available in the form of epoxy glass, fire-retardant grade-4 (abbreviated as FR-4). It has very high thermal stability, good mechanical and electrical properties, flame retardance, excellent bonding to copper foil, electroless copper, and glass fibers. It is approved by National Electrical Manufacturers Association NEMA for synthetic resin bonded papers. FR-4 is a polymeric composite material made of woven glass impregnated with plasticized epoxy resin. The second optimized resin is phenolic glass, fire-retardant grade-2 (abbreviated as FR-2), which is a composite material made of paper impregnated with plasticized phenol-formaldehyde resin for the same application. The third optimized type is silicone, which has been used as a flexible substrate for fabricating hybrid stretchable circuits (Figure 5.3). It consists of a millimeter thick polydimethylsiloxane PDMS (IUPAC name: polydimethylsiloxane) having the formula ((C2H6OSi)n) within which two concentric discs of polyimide PI foil (50 µm thick) are embedded. It is a derivative of polyorganosiloxane used as packaging polymer for electronic devices, as well. Polydimethylsiloxane is the first optimized derivative of silicone family used for structuring polymeric double-disk stretchable substrate due to its high strain property. Note: polymeric materials used for fabricating printed circuit board substrates are made of differential dielectrics. This means that they can be selected to provide different insulating values depending on the requirements of the circuit. For this reason, the two types of substrate that can be selected for traditional printed circuit boards are dielectric printed circuit boards and prepreg printed circuit boards.
Figure 5.3. A representation of the polymeric double-disk stretchable substrate.
The dielectric materials (including most polymers) are insulators (non-conducting electricity) resisting the flow of an electrical current. Dielectric polymer represents the optimized class of dielectric materials used for dielectric substrate-based polymeric printed circuit boards, including polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE, epoxy glass, fire-retardant grade-4 (FR-4), epoxy glass, fire-retardant grade-1 (FR-1), composites of epoxy with cotton paper (CEM-1), and composed of nonwoven glass core combined with epoxy resins (CEM-3). The laminates of thermoplastic polymer polytetrafluoroethylene represent the first member of dielectric polymers used for antennas and base stations because of their high melt viscosity. The laminates are fabricated under the lamination pressure of 3.1-3.27 MPa.
An example of commercial polytetrafluoroethylene grade used as a polymer for structuring the substrate of double-sided printed circuits is Teflon®. Figure 5.4 is an example of multilayer laminate containing polytetrafluoroethylene used for printed circuit boards. Polytetrafluoroethylene is bonded with chloro-trifluoroethylene CTFE (IUPAC name: 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethene) having formula C2ClF3 or fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer FEP produced by free-radical polymerization of mixture of hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene.
Figure 5.4. Example of multilayer laminate containing polytetrafluoroethylene for printed circuit boards.
Epoxy glass, fire-retardant grade-4 FR-4 is the second optimized grade for structuring dielectric substrate-based polymeric printed circuit boards due to its very good mechanical and electrical properties, ability to resist flame, and excellent bonding to copper foil, electroless copper, and glass fibers. Epoxy is available as “difunctional-epoxy” DfEP blend formed by reacting epichlorohydrin and bisphenol-A with flame-retardant additive, “tetrafunctional epoxy” TfEP blend, and “multifunctional epoxy” MfEP blend, listed in Table 5.1. Importance of epoxy polymer is in acting as self-extinguishing binder (self-extinguishing term is used to describe the ability of a material/polymer to cease burning upon removal of the source of flame). Epoxy glass, fire-retardant grade-4 available in the form of laminate is resistant to high temperature and water absorption\, has good electrical insulation, and good machinability. To optimize both physical and electrical properties of the laminate, its glass fibers should be made perpendicular to one another. Some of these properties are listed in Table 5.2. An example of epoxy glass, fire-retardant grade-4 (FR-4) two-layer structure is illustrated in Figure 5.5. Such structure consists of a woven glass fiber mesh soaked in the organic polymer (epoxy as resin matrix) with copper layers laminated (sometimes filled with specific materials).
Table 5.2. The general properties of epoxy glass, fire-retardant grade-4 (FR-4) and epoxy glass, fire-retardant grade-1 (FR-1).Figure 5.5. Example of two-layer structure of epoxy glass, fire-retardant grade-4 (FR-4).
According to Figure 5.5, and Table 5.1, the polymeric matrix of epoxy glass, fire-retardant grade-4 FR-4 laminates consists of bi-, tetra- or multi-functional epoxy groups. Note: epoxy EP is chemically derived from the reaction of bisphenol-A epoxy BPAE with epichlorohydrin ECO which creates diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) (also referred to as oxirane OXr). OXr (DGEBA) reacts in subsequent resin polymerization, curing the polymeric matrix. Higher crosslinking in the cured system can be achieved by the use of epoxy monomers with more than two epoxy functional groups per molecule.
Epoxy glass, fire-retardant grade-1 FR-1 is the second optimized epoxy glass, fire-retardant grade used in dielectric substrate-based polymeric printed circuit boards. It is a thermoset polymeric composite formed from the paper base with plasticized epoxy resin. Properties of this composite were listed in Table 5.2. Composite of epoxy with cotton paper (abbreviated as CEM) represents the third optimized class of polymeric composites used for structuring dielectric substrate-based polymeric printed circuit boards. These composites are commercially available in the form of five numbered grades, including CEM-1, CEM-2, CEM-3, CEM-4, and CEM-5. Where numbers from 1 to 5 are related to the type of the base. For example, number 1 means cotton (or cellulose) paper and epoxy.
CEM-1 is a polymeric composite consisting of woven glass fabric surfaces and paper core combined with epoxy resin. It is easy to punch, and has excellent mechanical and electrical properties, and higher flexural strength than paper-based grades. It is used in radio receivers, smoke detectors, and single-sided printed circuit boards. Its properties are listed in Table 5.3. CEM-3 is a composite of nonwoven glass core combined with epoxy resin. Similarly to CEM-1, it consists of epoxy resin with woven glass cloth surfaces, but its core is nonwoven matte fiberglass. The nonwoven mate fiberglass optimizes through-hole plating. It has better fine-line capability than FR-4. It has a very smooth surface and milky white color. It can be used as an alternative to FR-4, known as a flame retardant epoxy copper-clad plate glass material.
Table 5.3. The general properties of composites of epoxy with cotton paper CEM-1 and composites of non-woven glass core combined with epoxy resin CEM-3.
Having more layers means the board is thicker and, therefore, more durable than single-sided PCBs. This is another reason adding functionality through additional layers is preferable to increase the dimensions of a single layer. Printed circuit boards have ubiquitous presence today, what with them being the core of most electronic items. With the growing complexity of devices, Printed circuit boards are therefore increasingly becoming more complex. From flexible to odd shaped ones, there is a range of PCBS out there. While electronic devices with limited functions can do with single layer PCBs, there is an exponential growth in multi layered PCBs. By definition, multilayered PCB are made up of layers of double-sided circuit boards with heat protective insulation between them. The electrical connections between the layers happen through various kinds of vias resulting in complex multilayered PCBs. With complexity in applications, PCBs today can range anywhere from four to twelve layers.
Size: Multilayer PCB have an added advantage on account of their small size as they lend themselves well.
Lightweight: Small PCBs also come with reduced weight. This is particularly true also because single and double layered PCBs need a number of connectors that add to the weight and hence restrict mobility.
Reliability: Typically multilayered PCBs are high on reliability as well as of high quality.
Durability: Multilayer PCBs also come with high durability as they are able to withstand the heat and pressure that is applied on them.
Flexibility: For assemblies that use flexible construction techniques, a flexible multilayered PCB can be helpful particularly in applications that require some amount of bending.
Powerful: Multilayer PCBs typically are high density and have greater capacity as well as speed.
Single Connection Point: With single connection points, multilayered PCBs are beneficial for gadgets where size and weight are constraints.
On account of all these advantages, multilayer PCBs are the preferred option especially as greater functionality and reduced size increasingly become the norm.
All of this is not to say that multilayered PCB Fabrication does not have any disadvantages. Largely, compared to single layered PCBs, multilayered ones come with added cost as well as increased design time. Multi layered PCBs also necessitate that there be skilled designers who have a wide experience and hence can overcome issues related to crosstalk and impedance. In efficient design it can directly impact board functioning. Also, multilayer boards require increased production time and hence a lower turnover rate.
However, it is their improved functionality that more than covers for the many disadvantages associated with multi layered boards. As far as their increased costs go, with the advancement of technology, the costs are only slated to decrease.
However, even while using multi layered PCBs it is important to ensure that as far as possible you go with an even number of layers as opposed to PCBs with odd number of layers. This is on account of many factors including but not limited to the cost efficiency:
Single layer PCBs are cost ineffective
The cost ineffectiveness of odd number of layers stems from the fact that the process of creating an odd layered PCB begins with creating an even layered PCB and then etching away the unwanted layer. As the process suggests, this leads to a lot of wastage which in turn lead to cost inefficiencies.
Warping
Other than the cost aspect, etching also results in warping of the layer. With one side having copper and the other side not having it, there are different cooling rates, thereby creating stress on the PCB.
Risk of over & under plating
What the etching also does is that it leaves the two sides (one with copper and one without), with different weights, thereby adding to the risk of under or over plating.
On account of all the above reasons, it isn’t advisable to have single layers unless there is a specific, compelling reason to do so.
The rules and standard for designing a good PCB stack-up
The rules and standards for designing a good stack-up are hundreds. Let’s just see a few:
Ground plane boards are better because they allow signal routing in a microstrip or strip-line configuration. It also significantly reduces the ground impedance and, therefore, the ground noise;
High speed signals should be “routed” on intermediate layers located between the various levels. In this way, ground planes can act as a shield and contain the radiation coming from the tracks at high speed;
The signal layers should be very close to each other, even in adjacent planes.
A signal layer must always be adjacent to a plane;
Multiple ground planes are very advantageous, since they lower the board’s ground impedance and reduce radiation in a common way;
The power and mass planes must be rigorously coupled together;
To achieve all these objectives, it is necessary to operate with a minimum of eight layers. Moreover:
From a mechanical point of view, it is advisable to implement a cross section to avoid deformations;
Configurations should be symmetric. For example, on an eight-layer PCB, if level 2 is a plane, level 7 should also be a plane;
If the signal levels are next to the levels of the plane (ground or power) the return current can flow on an adjacent plane reducing the inductance of the return path to a minimum;
To further improve noise and EMI performance, insulation between a signal layer and its adjacent plane can be made even thinner;
An important consideration to be made is the thickness of each signal layer. There are standard thicknesses together with the properties of different types of printed circuit material. When selecting the materials, it is advisable to consider their electrical, mechanical and thermal properties;
Use excellent software to help you design your stack-up. All this should be done in order to choose the correct materials from the library and perform impedance calculations based on the materials and their dimensions.
Careful PCB design is necessary
At the high operating speeds of today’s circuits, careful PCB design is necessary, and it is becoming, in all respects, an art. A poorly designed printed circuit board can degrade the electrical performance of signal transmission, power delivery, producibility and long-term reliability of the finished product.
The sending of Gerber files to companies determines the production costs, which, as with any other goods, are lowered according to the required quantities. The global growth of the PCBs market is driven by the increased use of multilayer, flexible PCBs. The board density and design complexity keep increasing as electronic companies try to add more features to the devices. Price, quality, delivery time and service are the most common criteria for choosing a PCB manufacturer, and most people should be concerned about the price first.
Proto-Electronics’ mission is to help you in this crucial prototyping phase by cutting your lead times. Online quotes in 10 minutes and delivery lead times starting from 5 working days will give you more peace of mind to work.
In order to properly design the multilayer PCB, it should carefully consider the design of the layer stack-up. For example, a multilayer PCB with 4 layers is said to have 4 layers of copper, either Ground or Power plane or Signal layer. Usually, the conductive copper layer is pre-impregnated upon and below the FR-4 glass fiber sheet then another pre-preg layer is covered upon and below the stack and then another copper layer is covered on top and bottom and so on.
The single core is good for up to 4 layers of PCB, but for more layers like for 6 layers there should be 2 cores and for 8 layers there should be 3 cores. The layers are always taken in even numbers for the purpose of uniformity in layer stack.
The multi-layer PCB is the combination of two or more single- or double-sided PCBs hence a strong mutual connection is in between. The increasing complexity of multilayer PCB gives rise to some typical issues that are noise, signal interference, cross talk, stray capacitances and impedance mismatches. These issues need to be professionally handled otherwise the overall PCB performance and reliability can greatly shatter.
A properly designed layer stack up can help reduce circuit’s vulnerability to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and external noises that can distort high speed signals. A good layer stack up also helps to avoid cross talks, improves signal integrity and impedance matching can reduce power losses. The perfect layer stack can also reduce the cost of manufacturing multilayer PCB.
The multilayer stack up will enable you to place more circuitry in the limited space while diverting your routing to internal signal layers by means of blind and buried via. Separate ground GND and power PWR planes are used which are also copper layers.
The layer stack up should be symmetrical and the minimum clearance between traces, layers spacing, and the thickness of core should be carefully taken. The thickness of the core can be from 0.1mm to 0.3mm.
The base substrate core material FR-4 is pre-impregnated with epoxy resin system. The pre-preg is used as the adhesive to form the laminated stack of these multiple layers. This is done by lamination machine that works under high temperature and pressure.
What is Multilayer PCB Stack-up?
A stack-up is the arrangement of layers of copper and insulators that make up a PCB before designing the final layout of the board. Managing a good stack-up is not exactly easy and companies that make multilayer printed circuits such as Proto-Electronics, a platform dedicated to the rapid prototyping of SMT printed circuits and cross-section components, for professionals, must be at the forefront.
Having multiple layers increases the board’s ability to distribute energy, reduces cross-interference, eliminates electromagnetic interference and supports high-speed signals. While a stack-up level allows you to get multiple electronic circuits on a single board through the various layers of PCB board, the structure of the PCB stack-up design provides many other advantages:
A stack of PCB layers can help minimize the circuit vulnerability to external noise, as well as minimize radiation and decrease impedance and crosstalk problems on high-speed systems;
A good PCB stacking can also contribute to efficient and low-cost final production;
A correct stack of PCB layers can improve the electromagnetic compatibility of the project.
With a single-layer or double-layer PCB the board thickness is rarely considered. However, with the advent of multilayer PCBs, the pile of materials is starting to become more and more critical and the final cost is the factor that affects the entire project. The simplest stack-ups can include 4-layer PCBs, up to the more complex ones that require professional sequential lamination. The higher the number of layers, the more the designer is free to unravel his circuit, with less chance of stumbling into “impossible” solutions. The PCB overlapping operations consist in the arrangement of the copper layers and the insulating layers that make up a circuit. The back-up you choose certainly plays an important role in the performance of the board in several ways.
For example, good layering can reduce the impedance of the board and limit radiation and crosstalk. It also has a major impact on the EMC performance of a product. On the other hand, poor stack-up design can significantly increase circuit radiation and noise. There are four important factors to consider when dealing with board stack-up:
Number of Layers
The number and types of plans used (power plans and ground plans);
Sorting and sequence of levels;
Spacing between levels.
Usually, not much consideration is given to these factors, except for those affecting the number of layers. Often the fourth factor is not even known to the PCB designer. When deciding on the number of layers, you need to consider the following:
The number of signals to be routed and their cost;
Operating frequency;
Whether the product will meet Class A or Class B emission requirements;
Whether the PCB will be in a shielded container or not;
Whether the design team is competent in EMC rules and regulations.
All factors are important and critical and should be considered equally. Multilayer boards that use mass and power plane provide a significant reduction in radiated emissions. A rule of thumb, which is often used, is that a four-layer board will produce 15 dB less radiation than a two-layer board, all other factors being equal.
Explore the intricacies of multilayer PCB layer stack-up and how Wingate Electronic optimizes designs to enhance performance, reduce interference, and save space in advanced electronics.
A PCB simply refers to a board made of fiberglass and laminate materials or a composite epoxy with conductive pathways. Printed circuit boards have a wide variety of both active and passive technological components—the components “talk” to each other to power the device they’re housed in. They come in many sizes to fit the needs of manufacturers and their customers.
The pathways connect to various parts including transistors, resistors, and integrated circuits. Components are supported and connected electrically with special conductive pads or tracks. The electronic components are securely soldered onto a PCB to perform a specific function. Together, they make the heart of a well-operating piece of technology.
Manufacturers use PCBs because of the many advantages they offer. Some of these benefits are their compact size and lack of wires, ease of diagnostic and repair, time savings, compactness, cost savings, reliability, reduced noise, and short-circuit resistance due to tight connections.
How PCBs Are Used in Technology
You may be surprised by the number of things you use every day that require a PCB to function. You probably own tens of devices that house a PCB. If you’re reading this on your smartphone or tablet, it’s relying on the quality of the PCB inside. Your smoke detector, TV remote, and electronic kitchen scale have circuit boards. And if there’s a problem with the circuit board, you can expect your electronics to operate poorly (if at all).
That’s because almost every device you can think of relies on the boards to make connections that would otherwise need wires and other bulky components. Even things like LEDs and industrial equipment need PCBs to function properly. Because of how common and critical PCBs are in our lives, it’s crucial that PCBs come from a reputable PCB manufacturer.
Quality control is one thing you can’t overlook if you want your electronics to live out their full expected lifespan and function effectively along the way.
What We Learned About PCBs
Put simply: there are countless things that wouldn’t work properly without PCBs. And with the cost and time savings manufacturers find after incorporating them into their processes, getting a PCB custom-made for a new product is a no-brainer. Printed circuit boards will only get more common, more efficient, and more reliable. As professionals and consumers in the industry get on board, it’s exciting to imagine the creative ways these beauties will be used in the future.
A circuit board prior to assembly of electronic components is known as PCB. Once electronic components are soldered, the board is called Printed Circuit Assembly (PCA) or Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA) or PCB Assembly. Different Manual and Automatic PCB Assembly Tools are used in this process.
It has to be noted that the assembly of a circuit board is different from PCB Manufacturing Process. Manufacturing printed circuit boards involves several processes including PCB designing and creating PCB prototype. Once a PCB is ready, Active and Passive Electronic Components need to be soldered onto it before it can be used in any electronic equipment or gadget. This assembly of electronic components depends on Type of Printed Circuit Board, type of electronic components and purpose of the circuit board.
Printed Circuit Board Assembly with Thru-Hole Electronic Component
The first PCBs used through-hole technology, mounting electronic components by leads inserted through holes on one side of the board and soldered onto copper traces on the other side. Boards may be single-sided, with an unplanted component side, or more compact double-sided boards, with components soldered on both sides. Horizontal installation of through-hole parts with two axial leads (such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes) is done by bending the leads 90 degrees in the same direction, inserting the part in the board (often bending leads located on the back of the board in opposite directions to improve the part’s mechanical strength), soldering the leads, and trimming off the ends. Leads may be soldered either manually or by a wave soldering machine.
Through-hole manufacture adds to board cost by requiring many holes to be drilled accurately, and it limits the available routing area for signal traces on layers immediately below the top layer on multi-layer boards, since the holes must pass through all layers to the opposite side. Once surface-mounting came into use, small-sized SMD components were used where possible, with through-hole mounting only of components unsuitably large for surface-mounting due to power requirements or mechanical limitations, or subject to mechanical stress which might damage the PCB (e.g. by lifting the copper off the board surface).
Surface-Mount Technology for Printed Circuit Board Assembly
Surface-mount technology emerged in the 1960s, gained momentum in the early 1980s and became widely used by the mid-1990s. Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that could be soldered directly onto the PCB surface, instead of wire leads to pass through holes. Components became much smaller and component placement on both sides of the board became more common than with through-hole mounting, allowing much smaller PCB assemblies with much higher circuit densities. Surface mounting lends itself well to a high degree of automation, reducing labor costs and greatly increasing production rates compared with through-hole circuit boards. Components can be supplied mounted on carrier tapes. Surface mount components can be about one-quarter to one-tenth of the size and weight of through-hole components, and passive components much cheaper. However, prices of semiconductor surface mount devices (SMDs) are determined more by the chip itself than the package, with little price advantage over larger packages, and some wire-ended components, such as 1N4148 small-signal switch diodes, are actually significantly cheaper than SMD equivalents.
The essentialism of PCB prototyping is best understood by first clearly defining the circuit board development process, as shown below.
As illustrated above, developing circuit boards is typically cyclical and consists of numerous iterations. Each iteration is comprised of design, build, and test stages performed with the intent of improving the quality of the design. This technique of continually modifying the board until all errors have been corrected and the desired quality is achieved is known as PCB prototyping.
Advantages of Prototyping boards
When developing a PCB board, you need to make sure your design is free of error. You can test your designs through prototyping PCBs which is an extra step, but it will help save your time and money in the long run. By using prototype boards, you can also create several variations of the same circuit design to see which changes might work better than others. It can help to reduce the amount of rework that would need to be done in case your design has errors and resultantly give you a fast turnaround time.
Prototyping can help you locate areas you may need to make improvements to and locate potential issues in the design you may not have noticed only after manufactured. With thelp ofelp prototyping, you can even break down multiple PCB based components and individually test the different components to see that they operate just fine. This makes it easier to pinpoint the problems in more complex types of projects involving PCBs.
With the help of prototyping PCBs, you can get an idea of what your final product will look like.
The Role of Fabrication During PCB Prototyping
The building stage of development is where the physical embodiment of the design is constructed. During each iteration of the prototyping cycle, a new board is built or fabricated. Each new board, or set of boards, is then tested. During prototype, testing is primarily done to validate functionality and operation.
The fabrication process will yield a PCB or bare board, as shown above, where no elements are attached. Although, the locations for electronic component placement or footprints and corresponding pads are laid out. Subsequently, the components are connected to the board using through-hole soldering, surface mount technology (SMT), or a combination of the two to yield the final PCB assembly (PCBA), ready to be tested. Depending upon board complexity and your CM’s manufacturing, this process can take days or even weeks to yield a prototype.
To improve the overall speed of development, rapid PCB prototyping techniques have emerged that employ additive manufacturing. These additive manufacturing fabrication processes are capable of building prototypes in less than a day. And there are many options available for your PCB prototyping.
Printed circuit board fabrication can be defined as a process of putting together the layers of the board along with particular surface patterns before making it fully usable for electronics manufacturing. In a way, it is an assembly method that can be done either by the manufacturing firms themselves or by outsourcing the service to third parties specializing in PCB fabrication.
The process of printed circuit board fabrication starts with a design or a diagram using client provided specifications and requirements. The Printed circuit board layout is an important part of the fabrication process. It involves a schematic design, which is created by the specialists after considering factors like: what the Printed circuit board is required to do, its functional attributes, and under what conditions would it be used. These details are provided by the customers or the clients to the PCB manufacturers who use the information for successful PCB fabrication.
What is the PCB fabrication process?
PCB fabrication is the process or procedure that transforms a circuit board design into a physical structure based upon the specifications provided in the design package. This physical manifestation is achieved through the following actions or techniques: Imaging desired layout on copper clad laminates. There have a few other terms and their interrelationships as below: –
PCB Development – can be defined as the process of taking a circuit board design from the design to the production. This typically includes three stages – design, manufacturing and testing. And for all but the simplest designs, this process is iterative with the objective of arriving at the highest quality design within the development time allotted.
PCB Manufacturing – can be defined as the construction o your board design. This is a two-step process that begins with board fabrication and ends with printed circuit board assembly (PCBA).
PCB Testing – sometimes referred to as bring up. is the third stage of PCB development; performed after manufacturing. Testing during development is done to evaluate the board’s ability to perform its intended operational functionality. During this stage, any error or areas where the design should be modified to improve performance are identified and another cycle is initiated to incorporate the design changes.
PCB Assembly – PCBA is the second step or stage of PCB manufacturing in which the board components are mounted to the bare board through a soldering process.
